1768-1774 Russo-Turkish war – followed by several other defeats on Russian frontier.

Selim III (1798-1807) attempted to reform the military, leading to a coup and his execution.

1798 Napoleon invades Egypt – ousted in 1801 by British, Ottoman and Mamluk forces – a period of chaos followed – ended by rise to power of Muhammad Ali in 1805 – acknowledged by Sultan, but essentially an independent ruler. His dynasty lasted until 1952.  Annexed northern Sudan 1824, Syria (1833) and parts of Arabia and Anatolia.   Western great powers forced him to resign most back to the Sultan.

Serbian revolution (1804-15) – Suzerainty of Serbia as a hereditary monarchy acknowledged 1830

1815 – following the end of Napoleonic Wars, European shipping powers  and US turn to solve problem of piracy by Barbary states.

1821 Greek revolt – achieved independence with British and French assistance in 1829.

1826 Mahmud II eliminated the janissary corps in a direct confrontation.

1830 French invade Algeria and establish French colony

1839-1876 Tanzimat period – attempt to reform Ottoman state.